Compare Bhutan (2004) - Holy See (Vatican City) (2002)

Compare Bhutan (2004) z Holy See (Vatican City) (2002)

	Bhutan (2004)	Holy See (Vatican City) (2002)

Administrative divisions	18 districts (dzongkhag, singular and plural); Bumthang, Chhukha, Chirang, Dagana, Geylegphug, Ha, Lhuntshi, Mongar, Paro, Pemagatsel, Punakha, Samchi, Samdrup Jongkhar, Shemgang, Tashigang, Thimphu, Tongsa, Wangdi Phodrang note: there may be two new districts named Gasa and Yangtse	none
Age structure	0-14 years: 39.3% (male 445,548; female 414,338) 15-64 years: 56.6% (male 637,637; female 600,253) 65 years and over: 4% (male 44,298; female 43,495) (2004 est.)	-
Agriculture - products	rice, corn, root crops, citrus, foodgrains; dairy products, eggs	-
Airports	2 (2003 est.)	none (2001)
Airports - with paved runways	total: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)	-
Airports - with unpaved runways	total: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)	-
Area	total: 47,000 sq km land: 47,000 sq km water: 0 sq km	total: 0.44 sq km land: 0.44 sq km water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative	about half the size of Indiana	about 0.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
Background	In 1865, Britain and Bhutan signed the Treaty of Sinchulu, under which Bhutan would receive an annual subsidy in exchange for ceding some border land. Under British influence, a monarchy was set up in 1907; three years later, a treaty was signed whereby the British agreed not to interfere in Bhutanese internal affairs and Bhutan allowed Britain to direct its foreign affairs. This role was assumed by independent India after 1947. Two years later, a formal Indo-Bhutanese accord returned the areas of Bhutan annexed by the British, formalized the annual subsidies the country received, and defined India's responsibilities in defense and foreign relations. A refugee issue of some 100,000 Bhutanese in Nepal remains unresolved; 90% of the refugees are housed in seven United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) camps.	Popes in their secular role ruled portions of the Italian peninsula for more than a thousand years until the mid 19th century, when many of the Papal States were seized by the newly united Kingdom of Italy. In 1870, the pope's holdings were further circumscribed when Rome itself was annexed. Disputes between a series of "prisoner" popes and Italy were resolved in 1929 by three Lateran Treaties, which established the independent state of Vatican City and granted Roman Catholicism special status in Italy. In 1984, a concordat between the Holy See and Italy modified certain of the earlier treaty provisions, including the primacy of Roman Catholicism as the Italian state religion. Present concerns of the Holy See include the failing health of Pope John Paul II, interreligious dialogue and reconciliation, and the application of church doctrine in an era of rapid change and globalization. About 1 billion people worldwide profess the Catholic faith.
Birth rate	34.41 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)	-
Budget	revenues: $146 million expenditures: $152 million, including capital expenditures of NA note: the government of India finances nearly three-fifths of Bhutan's budget expenditures (FY95/96 est.)	revenues: $209.6 million expenditures: $198.5 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1997)
Capital	Thimphu	Vatican City
Climate	varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot summers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas	temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to mid-May) with hot, dry summers (May to September)
Coastline	0 km (landlocked)	0 km (landlocked)
Constitution	no written constitution or bill of rights; note - in 2001 the King commissioned the drafting of a constitution, and in November 2004 presented a draft to the Council of Ministers	Apostolic Constitution of 1967 (effective 1 March 1968)
Country name	conventional long form: Kingdom of Bhutan conventional short form: Bhutan	conventional long form: The Holy See (State of the Vatican City) conventional short form: Holy See (Vatican City) local long form: Santa Sede (Stato della Citta del Vaticano) local short form: Santa Sede (Citta del Vaticano)
Currency	ngultrum (BTN); Indian rupee (INR)	euro (EUR); Italian lira (ITL)
Death rate	13.2 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)	-
Debt - external	$245 million (2000)	-
Diplomatic representation from the US	the US and Bhutan have no formal diplomatic relations, although informal contact is maintained between the Bhutanese and US Embassy in New Delhi (India)	chief of mission: Ambassador R. James "Jim" NICHOLSON embassy: Villa Domiziana, Via delle Terme Deciane 26, 00162 Rome mailing address: PSC 59, Box F, APO AE 09624 telephone: [39] (06) 4674-3428 FAX: [39] (06) 5758346
Diplomatic representation in the US	none; note - Bhutan has a Permanent Mission to the UN; address: 2 United Nations Plaza, 27th Floor, New York, NY 10017; telephone [1] (212) 826-1919; FAX [1] (212) 826-2998; the Bhutanese mission to the UN has consular jurisdiction in the US consulate(s) general: New York	chief of mission: Apostolic Nuncio Archbishop Gabriel MONTALVO chancery: 3339 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 333-7121 FAX: [1] (202) 337-4036
Disputes - international	approximately 100,000 Bhutanese refugees living in Nepal, 90% of whom reside in seven UN Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees camps, place decades-long strains on Nepal	none
Economic aid - recipient	substantial aid from India and other nations	none
Economy - overview	The economy, one of the world's smallest and least developed, is based on agriculture and forestry, which provide the main livelihood for more than 90% of the population. Agriculture consists largely of subsistence farming and animal husbandry. Rugged mountains dominate the terrain and make the building of roads and other infrastructure difficult and expensive. The economy is closely aligned with India's through strong trade and monetary links and dependence on India's financial assistance. The industrial sector is technologically backward, with most production of the cottage industry type. Most development projects, such as road construction, rely on Indian migrant labor. Bhutan's hydropower potential and its attraction for tourists are key resources. Model education, social, and environment programs are underway with support from multilateral development organizations. Each economic program takes into account the government's desire to protect the country's environment and cultural traditions. For example, the government in its cautious expansion of the tourist sector encourages the visits of upscale, environmentally conscientious visitors. Detailed controls and uncertain policies in areas like industrial licensing, trade, labor, and finance continue to hamper foreign investment.	This unique, noncommercial economy is supported financially by contributions (known as Peter's Pence) from Roman Catholics throughout the world, the sale of postage stamps and tourist mementos, fees for admission to museums, and the sale of publications. The incomes and living standards of lay workers are comparable to, or somewhat better than, those of counterparts who work in the city of Rome.
Electricity - consumption	379.5 million kWh (2001)	NA kWh
Electricity - exports	1.4 billion kWh (2001)	-
Electricity - imports	16 million kWh (2001)	NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by Italy
Electricity - production	1.896 billion kWh (2001)	-
Electricity - production by source	-	fossil fuel: NA% hydro: NA% nuclear: NA% other: NA%
Elevation extremes	lowest point: Drangme Chhu 97 m highest point: Kula Kangri 7,553 m	lowest point: unnamed location 19 m highest point: unnamed location 75 m
Environment - current issues	soil erosion; limited access to potable water	NA
Environment - international agreements	party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea	party to: none of the selected agreements signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution, Environmental Modification
Ethnic groups	Bhote 50%, ethnic Nepalese 35% (includes Lhotsampas - one of several Nepalese ethnic groups), indigenous or migrant tribes 15%	Italians, Swiss, other
Exchange rates	ngultrum per US dollar - 46.5806 (2003), 48.6103 (2002), 47.1864 (2001), 44.9416 (2000), 43.0554 (1999)	euros per US dollar - 1.1324 (January 2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); Vatican lire per US dollar - 2,099 (2000), 1817.2 (1999), 1,736.2 (1998), 1,703.1 (1997); note - the Vatican lira is at par with the Italian lira; the Vatican started using euros in 2002 in conjunction with Italy at a fixed rate of 1,936.17 lire per euro
Executive branch	chief of state: King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK (since 24 July 1972) head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Lyonpo Yeshey ZIMBA (since 20 August 2004) cabinet: Council of Ministers (Lhengye Shungtsog) nominated by the monarch, approved by the National Assembly; members serve fixed, five-year terms; note - there is also a Royal Advisory Council (Lodoi Tsokde), members nominated by the monarch elections: none; the monarch is hereditary, but democratic reforms in July 1998 grant the National Assembly authority to remove the monarch with two-thirds vote	chief of state: Pope JOHN PAUL II (since 16 October 1978) head of government: Secretary of State Cardinal Angelo SODANO (since 2 December 1990) cabinet: Pontifical Commission appointed by the pope elections: pope elected for life by the College of Cardinals; election last held 16 October 1978 (next to be held after the death of the current pope); secretary of state appointed by the pope election results: Karol WOJTYLA elected pope
Exports	NA (2001)	-
Exports - commodities	electricity (to India), cardamom, gypsum, timber, handicrafts, cement, fruit, precious stones, spices	-
Exports - partners	Bangladesh 60.5%, US 11.7%, Malaysia 5.7% (2003)	-
Fiscal year	1 July - 30 June	calendar year
Flag description	divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the upper triangle is yellow and the lower triangle is orange; centered along the dividing line is a large black and white dragon facing away from the hoist side	two vertical bands of yellow (hoist side) and white with the crossed keys of Saint Peter and the papal miter centered in the white band
GDP	purchasing power parity - $2.7 billion (2002 est.)	-
GDP - composition by sector	agriculture: 45% industry: 10% services: 45% (2002 est.)	-
GDP - per capita	purchasing power parity - $1,300 (2002 est.)	-
GDP - real growth rate	7.7% (2002 est.)	-
Geographic coordinates	27 30 N, 90 30 E	41 54 N, 12 27 E
Geography - note	landlocked; strategic location between China and India; controls several key Himalayan mountain passes	urban; landlocked; enclave in Rome, Italy; world's smallest state; outside the Vatican City, 13 buildings in Rome and Castel Gandolfo (the pope's summer residence) enjoy extraterritorial rights
Heliports	-	1 (2002)
Highways	total: 3,690 km paved: 2,240 km unpaved: 1,450 km (1999 est.)	none; all city streets
Household income or consumption by percentage share	lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA	lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%
Imports	NA (2001)	NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by Italy
Imports - commodities	fuel and lubricants, grain, machinery and parts, vehicles, fabrics, rice	-
Imports - partners	Japan 36.6%, Austria 14.2%, Sweden 8.3%, China 7.5%, Thailand 6%, Bangladesh 6%, Germany 5.5%, Italy 4% (2003)	-
Independence	8 August 1949 (from India)	11 February 1929 (from Italy) note: on 11 February 1929, three treaties were signed with Italy which, among other things, recognized the full sovereignty of the Vatican and established its territorial extent; however, the origin of the Papal States, which over the years have varied considerably in extent, may be traced back to the 8th century
Industrial production growth rate	9.3% (1996 est.)	-
Industries	cement, wood products, processed fruits, alcoholic beverages, calcium carbide	printing and production of a small amount of mosaics and staff uniforms; worldwide banking and financial activities
Infant mortality rate	total: 102.56 deaths/1,000 live births male: 100.35 deaths/1,000 live births female: 104.89 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)	-
Inflation rate (consumer prices)	3% (2002 est.)	-
International organization participation	AsDB, CP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM, OPCW (signatory), SAARC, SACEP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer)	CE (observer), IAEA, ICFTU, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM (guest), OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, UN (observer), UNCTAD, UNHCR, UPU, WHO (observer), WIPO, WToO (observer), WTrO (observer)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)	-	NA
Irrigated land	400 sq km (1998 est.)	0 sq km (1998 est.)
Judicial branch	Supreme Court of Appeal (the monarch); High Court (judges appointed by the monarch)	there are three tribunals responsible for civil and criminal matters within Vatican City; three other tribunals rule on issues pertaining to the Holy See note: judicial duties were established by the Motu Proprio of Pius XII on 1 May 1946
Labor force	NA note: massive lack of skilled labor (1997 est.)	NA
Labor force - by occupation	agriculture 93%, industry and commerce 2%, services 5%	agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%; note - dignitaries, priests, nuns, guards, and 3,000 lay workers live outside the Vatican
Land boundaries	total: 1,075 km border countries: China 470 km, India 605 km	total: 3.2 km border countries: Italy 3.2 km
Land use	arable land: 3.09% permanent crops: 0.43% other: 96.48% (2001)	arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (urban area) (1998 est.)
Languages	Dzongkha (official), Bhotes speak various Tibetan dialects, Nepalese speak various Nepalese dialects	Italian, Latin, French, various other languages
Legal system	based on Indian law and English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction	based on canon law and revisions to it
Legislative branch	unicameral National Assembly or Tshogdu (150 seats; 105 elected from village constituencies, 10 represent religious bodies, and 35 are designated by the monarch to represent government and other secular interests; members serve three-year terms) elections: local elections last held November 2002 (next to be held NA 2005) election results: NA	unicameral Pontifical Commission
Life expectancy at birth	total population: 53.99 years male: 54.27 years female: 53.68 years (2004 est.)	-
Literacy	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 42.2% male: 56.2% female: 28.1% (1995 est.)	definition: NA total population: 100% male: NA% female: NA%
Location	Southern Asia, between China and India	Southern Europe, an enclave of Rome (Italy)
Map references	Asia	Europe
Maritime claims	none (landlocked)	none (landlocked)
Military - note	-	defense is the responsibility of Italy; Swiss Papal Guards are posted at entrances to the Vatican City to provide security and protect the Pope
Military branches	Royal Bhutan Army, Royal Bodyguard, National Militia	Swiss Guards Corps (Corpo della Guardia Svizzera)
Military expenditures - dollar figure	$11.2 million (2003)	-
Military expenditures - percent of GDP	1.9% (2003)	-
Military manpower - availability	males age 15-49: 544,560 (2004 est.)	-
Military manpower - fit for military service	males age 15-49: 290,843 (2004 est.)	-
Military manpower - reaching military age annually	males: 23,379 (2004 est.)	-
National holiday	National Day (Ugyen WANGCHUCK became first hereditary king), 17 December (1907)	Coronation Day of Pope JOHN PAUL II, 22 October (1978)
Nationality	noun: Bhutanese (singular and plural) adjective: Bhutanese	noun: none adjective: none
Natural hazards	violent storms from the Himalayas are the source of the country's name which translates as Land of the Thunder Dragon; frequent landslides during the rainy season	NA
Natural resources	timber, hydropower, gypsum, calcium carbide	none
Net migration rate	0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)	-
Political parties and leaders	no legal parties	none
Political pressure groups and leaders	Buddhist clergy; ethnic Nepalese organizations leading militant antigovernment campaign; Indian merchant community; United Front for Democracy (exiled)	none (exclusive of influence exercised by church officers)
Population	2,185,569 note: other estimates range as low as 810,000 (July 2004 est.)	900 (July 2002 est.)
Population below poverty line	NA	NA%
Population growth rate	2.12% (2004 est.)	1.15% (2002 est.)
Ports and harbors	none	none
Radio broadcast stations	AM 0, FM 1, shortwave 1 (1998)	AM 3, FM 4, shortwave 2 (1998)
Radios	-	NA
Railways	-	total: 0.86 km standard gauge: 0.86 km 1.435-m gauge note: a spur of the Italian Railways system, serving Rome's Saint Peter's station (2001 est.)
Religions	Lamaistic Buddhist 75%, Indian- and Nepalese-influenced Hinduism 25%	Roman Catholic
Sex ratio	at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.08 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 1.02 male(s)/female total population: 1.07 male(s)/female (2004 est.)	-
Suffrage	each family has one vote in village-level elections; note - in late 2003 Bhutan's legislature passed a new election law	limited to cardinals less than 80 years old
Telephone system	general assessment: NA domestic: domestic telephone service is very poor with few telephones in use international: country code - 975; international telephone and telegraph service is by landline through India; a satellite earth station was planned (1990)	general assessment: automatic exchange domestic: tied into Italian system international: uses Italian system
Telephones - main lines in use	25,200 (2003)	NA
Telephones - mobile cellular	8,000 (2003)	NA
Television broadcast stations	0 (1997)	1 (1996)
Terrain	mostly mountainous with some fertile valleys and savanna	low hill
Total fertility rate	4.87 children born/woman (2004 est.)	-
Unemployment rate	NA	-
Waterways	-	none

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